What Type of Mathematical Knowledge Is Needed to understand these?

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What type of mathematical knowledge is needed to understand these mathematical notations?https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.01121

I could use a decent answer to this for reference myself... so here goes. [1st Draft - Comments welcome] This is written from more to less common stuff, so you can stop at any stage to avoid a TL;DR, but don't forget to upvote in any case .-) Quora uses the MathJaX \LaTeX interpreter for math markups. You use the tab marked \Sigma to insert the markups [math] and [/math] between which you write the \LaTeX symbols. Many symbols are...

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Math bf{x} represents the square root of x (or in some cases \(\sort{x}\)). \math bf{y} represents the hyperbolic tangent (the distance from the tangent on the sphere to the line to the right of the tangent). \math bf{z} represents the hyperbolic cotangent (the distance from the tangent on the sphere to the line to the left of the tangent). \math bf{w} represents the hyperbolic unit circle. There are a few \math bf{h} symbols too. These represent the hyperbolic hyperbolas (in an arbitrary unit circle) There are also symbols for the tangent and hyperbolic cotangent if you want to use those for hyperbolas/hypercircles. They all use the same notation, so the question becomes “what the heck does it all mean??” The best way to figure it out is to read all the references in the references section. The reference section is in the upper left-hand corner of the page as you scroll down. For more information on.